Few would dispute the idea that Abraham Lincoln was one of the greatest US presidents.  A racist assassinated him on April 14, 1865.  Seeing the anniversary of that fateful day just around the corner, I thought it would be best to remember Lincoln by returning to the scene of the crime.  And so I planned a visit to Ford’s Theater in downtown DC today.  I have to admit that I turned out to be a bit more adventure than I anticipated and yet not enough.  Let me explain.

The day began with a drive into downtown DC, which I try to avoid because many of the streets have a higher probability of confusing me, even with the GPS app on my phone (although I do confess the app does help some).  I considered taking the Metro instead, but somehow it seemed that I would actually save time by driving in myself and parking at a nearby garage.  So this morning I took off and headed into DC.

The morning was cloudy, overcast, and very windy  when I left.  By the time I arrived, the sun was starting to come out.  Apparently the parking garage I chose from the options I saw online did not materialize, or at least I didn’t see it anywhere in sight when the GPS app said, “You have arrived at your destination.”  Like I said, the app helps out some.  I thought the best thing to do would be to keep driving; surely another one must be nearby.  After driving a few blocks and not seeing anything, I turned right, went down a block, and then turned right again.  At the next light that stopped me, I repurposed my GPS app to find any parking garage.

Then I saw one just to the left.  I quickly turned in, and after a short conversation with a confused attendant, I found myself going further and further below ground within tight spaces to find a parking space.  The maze I had to go through to get out of the building was even worse, but eventually I surfaced.  With 10 minutes to go before my tour started, I consulted my GPS app and was misdirected around the corner.  I should have just walked straight ahead and crossed the street at that corner.

Rejoining the line, I followed along down very tight and steep steps into the lower portion of the building where a museum is housed.  I know some people like taking lots of pictures of the exhibits inside museums, but I’m not one of those folks.  Something about me just feels it’s somehow uncouth or just downright wrong.  My attitude is that if you want to see what is inside a museum, then go see it for yourself.  What’s the point of the museum otherwise?

I did make an exception — OK, I made a few exceptions.  First, I saw this fantastic framed document in the gift shop that I just felt I needed to capture about the similarities between Lincoln and Kennedy.  I did not before realize that these two American presidents had so many similarities, some of which are just downright uncanny.  Lincoln’s Rules of Conduct was also on display, though like the previous document was also out of stock (making me feel a little more easy about taking photos).

But the exception that really baked my bagel was Booth’s deringer pistol, or rather I should say a replica of Booth’s deringer pistol.  All the promotional material for Ford’s Theater, and as can seen even the display in the museum, touts the displayed object as the actual pistol Booth used to assassinate Lincoln.  The photo I took is a little blurry, but it is clear that what is on display is not Booth’s deringer but a plastic replica made from a mold fashioned with the actual murder weapon.  It’s nice to “touch a piece of history,” but I would prefer that piece of history to be real.  Of course, I don’t blame anyone associated with the museum for not displaying the actual piece; if I were in charge, I wouldn’t have it out on display for anyone to put their hands on.  But neither would I be touting a replica as the real thing.

Outside that one exhibit, what I saw in the museum is well worth the trip to see.  Lots of exhibits that were very educational.  After seeing everything, and taking my time to do so, I learned that I misunderstood the tour description.  I thought that everything I purchased with my ticket would take 30 minutes to run through.  No, the 30 minutes is just the museum.  So after that half hour, I followed folks in line up the stairs to the actual theater area.  I went upstairs another level to find a seat in the balcony area with a good view of the box where Lincoln saw his last theatrical performance.  The public doesn’t go in there, and it’s clear to me why, so I’m OK just to be in eyeshot of it.

After a few minutes, a park ranger appeared on stage and began a history presentation about the events surrounding Lincoln’s final days, which was educational but also kind of creepy since the stage was all set for the current run of Little Shop of Horrors.  I regret not recording the presentation.  Even an audio format would have been engaging after the fact, especially since it was filled with all sorts of interesting tidbits that I did not know previously.  A lot of good the presentation did, though, because as I write this I can’t remember any of those interesting tidbits — more reason why I regret not recording it!  So if you plan a visit to Ford’s Theater, going out of your way to attend a tour with the ranger talk is a definite must.

Following the ranger talk, we all shuffled out to the street, which was behind the old-time doors I had stood in front of when I was in line at the very start.  People began filing across the street for a tour of the Peterson house, and another long line awaited me.  This one took much longer to get through — a whole 45 minutes! — mostly because the space inside being so small only 15 people at a time could enter.  But eventually I did get inside.

The actual room and bed where Lincoln met his end were interesting to see and are the last things seen inside the house.  A walkway then leads you to stairs with an interesting quote on the wall.  I was so impressed with the quote that I decided to snap a photo.  I think the quote speaks for itself.

Between the bottom of the stairs and the outside street is a final exhibit room with the highest stack of books I have ever seen in my life.  I tried getting it in a photo, but it was so big that I couldn’t fit it all into a single shot.  So I made a quick video.  As I bibliophile, I just couldn’t stop geeking out over this “Tower of Books.”

Once out on the street again, I had to get back to my vehicle.  I wanted to linger longer and check out on of the nearby restaurants; there was a Greek place serving “yeeros” and a French café that both looked intriguing.  But I had told the parking attendant earlier I needed only 2 hours, and my 2 hours were just about up.  Getting out of DC was a bear, and I saw that it would have been much better to take the Metro, which I recommend for anyone visiting the theater.  Overall, though, I don’t regret going.  This is a definite bucket list item that is worth every minute.  And since the theater is still being used as a theater (it wasn’t always so), I may have to go back some time to see a play in the house that Lincoln loved to visit.

I ended up waiting for almost 6 hours while the mechanic was trying to overcome issues with his parts supplier, so I made a great call getting a new book.  And in six hours I got through a lot of this book.  It didn't take me long to finish it thereafter.  I have to say this is one of the best books on success that I ever read.  Not only has it confirmed much of what I've read elsewhere about the mindset of success, but it also gave me new ideas to think about.

For example, Cardone talks about ethics in approaching success.  By ethics, he means that success is a duty, an obligation, and a responsibility.  I've heard him talk about this before but never really understood the idea until I read his book.  Without success, you won't be your personal best or live up to your potential.  Because ethics regards a system of appropriate behavior, not being successful, in the mind of Cardone, is inappropriate.  Thus, success is an ethical duty, obligation, and responsibility.

In thinking about that idea, I agree with it because success in business and in life provides the means by which we meet our obligations to ourselves, our family, and the broader community.  Without success, our ability to meet those obligations is severely diminished.  So in thinking along those lines, I'm on the side of Cardone.

Having a high interest in goals, I was curious about Cardone’s perspective on making goals when I saw his chapter on goals.  One of the themes of this chapter on goals is a diatribe against realistic goals.  We hear this all the time, especially in the SMART acronym in which R stands for realistic.  But Cardone doesn't believe in realistic goals.  He says,

“I truly despise the word ‘realistic’ [sic] because it is based on what others . . . have accomplished and believed possible.  Realistic thinking is based on what others think is possible — but they are not you and have no way of knowing your potential and purpose.  If you're going to set goals based on what others think, then be sure you do it based on what the giants on this planet think.  They will be the first to tell you, ‘Don't base your goals on what I have done because you can do even more.’  But what if you set goals based on those of the top players of the world?  Steve Jobs’s goal, for instance, is to ‘ding’ the universe — to create products that forever change our planet.  Look at what he has done with Apple and Pixar.  If you're going to set goals comparable to those of others, then at the very least pick the giants who have already created massive success.”

To me, that idea makes a lot of sense.  It reminds me of something Will Smith once said: “Why should I be realistic?  What's the point of being realistic?”  He goes on to talk about how extraordinary achievements are not made by thinking small.  I think that's what Cardone is getting at here.  Goals should be unrealistic because, in Cardone’s mind, only goals based on big dreams have the ability to inspire their achievement.  That’s something to think about as I consider my own goals.

His chapter on competition also changed my thinking.  For so long I've thought about competition as being something good, even desirable.  But competition is not the objective of the successful.  They don't want to compete; they want to dominate.  As I think about that difference, I can see many ready advantages to dominating my space.  It provides so much opportunity and freedom that I don't have if I merely compete.

I was also impressed by this thought: “Your biggest problem is obscurity — other people don't know you and aren't thinking about you.”  That one really got me thinking, and I could see that it's totally true.  All of my past unsuccessful entrepreneurial efforts were just that because of that one word: obscurity.  No one patronizes the business they don't know about.

Here's another idea that turned me around: “Learn to commit first, and figure out how to show up later.”  When I first read that, it made absolutely no sense to me.  Why would you commit to doing something without knowing whether or not you can do it?  The loss of integrity with yourself is you fail could be massive.  The uncertainty attached to that approach provides a huge risk that, before reading Cardone’s book, I've always rejected as being above my threshold.

But after reading his book and especially the experience at the end where he talks about applying that idea to his personal striving for success, I'm thinking he might be right.  When you commit, you put yourself on the island, and when you commit without really knowing how it's going to work, you put yourself on the island and burn your boats.  That puts you in a space where you have to make it happen.  Results come from one thing and one thing only — action.  It's really what the 10X Rule is all about.  It’s not so much spending 10 times more time working as it is using the time you have to produce 10 times the results because you fit 10 times the action within the time you have.

That leads me to the last idea I found really impressive.  Cardone’s book has a chapter on time management, which like my interest in goals has always been high on my curiosity list.  There's really two parts to his idea that impressed me.  The first is the idea of balance.  Most people think in terms of either-or; “I don't have time to do everything, so with the time I have, I must do either this or that.”  But Cardone takes a different approach.  He doesn't think in terms of either-or; he thinks in terms of all.  Because he wants it all, he arranges his day so that he can have it all.

That brings me to the second part that impressed me.  Cardone said, “To really understand, manage, maximize, and squeeze every opportunity out of the time you have, you have to fully understand and appreciate how much of it you have available to you.  You must first take control of your time — not allow others to do so.  If you listen to people discuss the topic of time — especially in regards to the amount they have at work — you'll probably hear a lot of complaining.  People act as though work is something to get through, yet in reality they spend very little of their time even doing it.  Most people only work enough so that it feels like work, whereas successful people work at a pace that gets such satisfying results that work is a reward.  Truly successful people don't even call it work; for them, it's a passion.  Why?  Because they do enough to win!”

He then talks about the need to work harder and get more done in the same amount of time.  This makes sense when you consider his 10X Rule, which is assessing the effort needed to hit target and adjusting thinking to dream big.  Big dreams inspire big action, so the 10X Rule is about massive action at 10 times the amount others give.  And that really is what it all comes down to, because results come from action and only from action.

If you haven't read this book, I highly recommend it.  There's a chapter near the end where he gives 32 qualities of successful people and a brief treatment on each one.  I’m thinking I might adopt that chapter as a sort of daily primer to start my day.  Each day I read one section about one quality, and then after 32 days, I start all over again.  There seems to be some mindset here that I have in part but not completely.  And as I think about the concepts in this book, I feel impressed that it contains much of what I've been lacking in order to have the success I've been dreaming about for years.  We'll see what comes of that.  So again, if you haven't read this book, I highly recommend it.  In the very least, it will get you thinking about the assumptions behind your thinking and the approach you could take to life.  And that in itself would by good, even desirable. 5 stars.

The one principle that impressed me the most as I read through the book — again, none of the principles were really new to me — was the need to start earlier in the morning if you want to do more.  The days Navy Seals spend training and then actually performing in the field are pretty packed.  So if they want to accomplish something personal, the only time to do that is in the morning before their busy day starts.  That made an impression on me.  With everything I’m balancing, I felt the need to integrate that practice into my life, so much so that it becomes part of my lifestyle.  Like most things I attempt to practice, I can’t say I’m perfect.  But I also can’t say I’ll ever stop trying to improve.

I can’t say enough good things about this book.  It should be required reading that everyone returns to every so often to get a refresher in the attitude that precedes success.  I’m certainly putting it in my schedule to return to it on at least an annual basis.  5 out of 5 stars.

Yet I found far more congruence than divergence between our two belief systems.  The more I read, the more fairly accurate descriptions I found of what I have come to see as my own beliefs as I have tested and changed and refined them over the years.  Take this quote from Bruce Lee as an excellent example:

I can totally vouch for the concept of bending like a reed in the wind in the face of conflict because I have used it to handle conflict in a spirit of peace and fairness.  The wind can blow the reed down, but the wind doesn’t break the reed.  Likewise, adversity can blow us down, but it breaks us only if we choose to let it break us.  Choose to be like the reed in the wind, and it won’t break you.

From perspectives on understanding oneself and one’s place in nature to ideas on countering racism and relieving stress to learning about the art of fighting without fighting, there’s far too much of what I love in this book to share in the limited space of this review, so I’ll share simply one idea related to my future career field: education.  Here’s what Bruce Lee thought about education:

I find that approach to education fascinating.  In the context of that perspective, Bruce Lee devised a four-step process towards educating oneself, which I also endorse.
     1. Research your own experience.
     2. Absorb what is useful.
     3. Reject what is useless.
     4. Add what is specifically your own.
Straightforward and very practical, this approach reminds me very much of some advice I once got from my grandfather in a letter (yes, that’s snail mail for you young whipper snappers).  He never wrote much of anything, and so the one letter I got from him I eagerly received.  I don’t remember much of what the letter had to say, but I do remember how it ended.  “I don’t know if anything I have said is any good for you, but if it is, keep it.  Throw the rest away.”

Most of what I found in Little’s book is good for me.  It expands my mind and provides alternative perspectives from which to view the world and my place in it.  And it has inspired me to pursue studying the martial arts as a way to discover more of myself and how to express it.  Though I don’t agree with everything in the book, I do recommend it for others. 4 out of 5 stars.

And that brings to me the mixed feelings I have now knowing how things are.  I’m nearing the end of my third year, which is when I should have everything together.  And instead I got Butkus, and I’m not talking Rocky Balboa’s dog.  Had I known at the start of my program what I know now, I could have approached my program differently and used my time better, especially during the summers.  Now I just have lost opportunity and the sudden realization that Plan A isn’t going to work for me and, if I don’t have Plan B worked out soon, I could potentially be in a worse situation.

Yes, my advisor should have been my advisor, meaning he should have given me the advice I needed to make the best use of my time.  But he didn’t.  I don’t hold it against him, because the other big lesson I learned from reading this book is that most advisors don’t advise their students effectively.  They are part of a system that encourages them to be the way they are or in the very least does not incentivize them to be what they should be.  That’s water under the bridge for me.  Successful people deal with the world the way that it is, not the way they wish it would be.  I’m not going to look behind.  I’m going to look forward.

And that brings me to the final big concept I learned from this book.  The most competitive candidates have the mindset of a colleague or peer, not a grad student or an adjunct.  Looking back at the last couple of years, I readily can see I’ve had the mindset of a grad student, not a colleague or peer.  So, as they say in the Old West, it’s time to saddle up.  Lock and load!  And I’ve got plenty of ammunition in this book that gives very practical hands-on advice for making a 5-year plan and attending to the details of everything that should go into that plan.  In fact, I may use it as a daily meditation.  Before beginning my workday, I’ll read one chapter in this book.  The chapters are small and many in this tome, and reading just one a day will help to keep the practical ideas and mindsets fresh in my mind as well as spur me on to the track my train should be on.  Overall, this is a great book and a must read for anyone considering an academic career.  5 out of 5 stars.

What really fascinated me with the idea of a year of daily 1% improvements is the plot.  I went deeper into the math to see detail.  For example, how long does it take to get 100% (or 2X) improvement?  If you start your daily 1% improvements on January 1, you’ll hit the 2X mark on March 11.  You can get twice as good within a single quarter!  By the end of Q2, you have 6X improvement.  Whether or not you’re familiar with Grant Cardone and his 10X Rule, you’ll hit 10X improvement in you on August 20.  A little more than a month later at the end of Q3, you hit 15X improvement.  Now you really got momentum, and you fly in Q4, going from 15X to 38X better in just three months.  It takes a while to build up, and much of that slow motion is in Q1.  But if you can just keep going and build that foundation, you can achieve amazing results in the days to follow.

The other idea that captivated me related to identity.  Often when working on improving, we focus on external behavior, because that’s what we really want to see change.  I’ve certainly applied that approach religiously in the past.  But Clear shows how that’s all backwards.  Unless you change your identity to match the new behavior, you’ll sooner or later reject the new behavior because we all are hardwired to act consistently with who we really are.  So instead of working from the outside in, we need to work from the inside out.  We need to focus on adopting a new identity.  So instead of saying, “I will read more,” say, “I am a reader.”  Focus on changing the identity, and the behavior will naturally follow.

All throughout the book, Clear ties what modern neuroscience and psychology have to teach us into his approach, so not only is it practical, it leverages the science of your biological hardwiring to your advantage.  By working with the way we are naturally designed to function, we can achieve more with doing less.  I was so thrilled with what I learned from the book, that I made my own template to help me leverage his approach.  Being an engineer, I of course put it into a spreadsheet so I can use it as a template.  It’s pretty bare bones right now, and I anticipate the template will evolve as I use it more.  But this seems like a good start.  To be clear [pun intended], Clear includes all sorts of free materials on his website.  I just thought to make my own material so I can adapt it as time goes on for my own use.

There’s more in the book that really opened my mind to a lot of wonderful thoughts, but overall, this book thrills me and fills me with possibilities of achieving all sorts of potential.  If you have any interest in achieving goals or establishing any sort of different lifestyle than the one you currently have, pick this book up and read it.  You won’t regret it.  To the contrary, you’ll be taking a 1% step toward the changed self you want to become.

In my last post reviewing the autobiography of Andrew Carnegie, I promised a review of his famous essay included in the end of that tome.  Carnegie was wrote numerous books and articles, but he is probably best remembered for his essay “The Gospel of Wealth.”  In this essay, Carnegie sets himself apart from his multimillionaire colleagues by declaring his philosophy towards wealth.

First, Carnegie clarifies what he means by wealth.  We’re not talking here about the 401k retirement account of some middle-class factory worker.  We’re talking about so much money you could fill an ocean and swim in it.  Wealth in that sense is possessed by a small percentage of the population.

Carnegie defines the problem presented by wealth — the kind that absolutely boggles the mind — in the very first sentence of his essay: “The problem of our age is the proper administration of wealth, that the ties of brotherhood may still bind together the rich and poor in harmonious relationship.”  In other words, how can the mega-wealthy be mega-wealthy without the impoverished classes rising up in a repeat of the French Revolution?

Carnegie begins his solution by defending the existence of the mega-wealthy:

I agree completely.  Those “refinements of civilization” benefit all who embrace them.

He then enters a brief and very general examination of history as a background for competing economic theories of socialism, communism, and individualism.  He defends individualism by referencing the great accomplishments made by men of creativity and industry, accomplishments which have benefited society as a whole and which could not be possible in societies in which the government distributed the rewards of those who worked to those who did not.  I agree wholeheartedly.  As Carnegie says, socialism and communism are “not evolution, but revolution.”

As much as I agreed with Carnegie during this first half of his essay, I would agree with him even more during the second half.  The question he posed in his very first sentence now takes a new form: What should the mega-wealthy do their wealth?  Carnegie presents three possibilities:

1. It can be left to family after death.
2. It can be left to the public (i.e. the State) after death.
3. It can be distributed to the public before death.

Carnegie’s philosophy centers around that third option.  I found his reasoning to reach that conclusion most interesting.  Inheriting great wealth which one did not earn through the sweat of his or her own toil is a burden; it diminishes the person who has no appreciation of how the wealth was obtained or what life is like without it.  Passing wealth to one’s descendants is then a great disservice to them.  Likewise, those who leave their money to be distributed after death often seek a legacy which history has shown they never really attain.  That legacy they can obtain only while distributing their wealth before they die.

Carnegie takes something of a side road here by defending the estate tax.  In my younger days, I thought estate taxes were an affront to freedom.  But reading Carnegie, I find myself agreeing with him that high estate taxes are beneficial for society and therefore a good thing.  High taxes on an activity discourage that activity, and I agree with Carnegie that distributing wealth after one’s death should be discouraged.  The wealthy should distribute it for the public good before they die.  But Carnegie takes it one step further.

I don’t like the arrogance implied towards the end of the paragraph-length sentence, but I do like that the man of wealth is the one who decides how his wealth should be distributed.  Some of used this sentence to argue that wealth does not really belong to the mega-wealthy but rather to the community because that wealth would never exist without the labor of the community.  It’s not far then to step into socialism or communism with the idea that the State is best disposed to decide how to distribute wealth because they really own it after all.

I disagree there.  The laboring classes do not own any of the wealth amassed by the captains of industry.  They own only what they are paid, and that is according to the agreement they made when they gave their labor.  If the captain of industry have paid them according to that agreement, then they have been dealt with justly because they have received all that is their own.  They didn’t agree to labor for the wealth of the mega-wealthy; they agreed to labor for their wages.  So long as they receive those wages, they have what is their own.  That’s what they agreed to.

Again, I like how Carnegie proposes the man of wealth to be the one who decides how the wealth that he amassed should be distributed.  This arrangement is entirely consistent with the principle of individualism Carnegie defended earlier in his essay.  Carnegie also goes on to decry almsgiving, saying that means should be provided only to those who are willing to help themselves.  Put together, this proposal provides a wonderful solution to the question Carnegie proposes at the start.

But Carnegie saves his best punch for last.

Wow!  That’s something else.  “The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.”  What a powerful philosophy!  As I said in my last post, I don’t admire everything about Carnegie, but I can’t help but admire this.  And it’s really made me think about my own philosophy towards wealth.  In large measure I agree with Carnegie.  I intend to die as penniless as I came into the world.  I’m not sure exactly how much money will pass into my hands, but whatever the amount I’ll gift it all away before I die.

There’s much more I could say about Carnegie’s essay.  And I’d love to write something tha continues the conversation about the essay based on someone who disagrees with Carnegie or who thinks his essay actually supports socialism or communism.  But for now, I’ll simply express my gratitude that I read the essay and had the moments of reflection that it gave me.

I’ve started to take some advice I’ve heard repeatedly over the years, that advice being to learn from the best.  You don’t have to know someone personally for that someone to be your mentor.  I’m very glad for that, because I have a certain admiration for Andrew Carnegie.  I use the word certain to qualify my admiration.  No man or woman is perfect, and so everyone has flaws.  This means we have to separate the wheat from the chaff in our mentors — receiving the wheat while rejecting the chaff.

Why admire this man?  Wasn’t he one of those robber barons from a past century?  Yes, he was an extremely wealthy man, at one time the richest in the world.  But he was far different from his millionaire associates.  Long before he made his fortune, he determined that he needed only so much and that the excess should be given away to help others.  He truly believed that it was the duty of every wealthy person to give away whatever fortune had been acquired.

That’s why I was thrilled to find his essay “The Gospel of Wealth” included in the book when I went looking for a copy of his autobiography.  I’ll have more on that important work later, mostly because I have quite a bit to say about it.  But for now, I’d like to review the main event, which is his autobiography.

Being autobiography, there is that temptation to gloss over events and make the result seem more glamorous than they actually were.  Such is certainly the case with Carnegie’s description of the Homestead riots.  Notice I said riot, not strike.  It may have started out as a strike, but it turned violent and so became a riot.

I find it most interesting that Carnegie barely mentions Henry Frick at all and passes off the unfortunate turn of events as the responsibility of his associates whom he doesn’t name but to whom (as he claims) he left control of affairs.  He also repeats like a broken phonograph the mantra of “Well, everyone knows that if Andy had been here, nothing drastic would have happened.  Everyone loves Andy, and so he could have calmed the situation before it went too far.”

The truth is a far cry from that.  Carnegie’s mail correspondence with Frick paints a very different picture.  Carnegie knew what Frick what doing and how he was approaching the labor problem.  In fact, Carnegie had hired Frick precisely because of how he handled labor problems.  Frick had a reputation for ruthlessly destroying unions and leaving the hands of other associates “clean.”  The idea that Carnegie had no idea how Frick was handling the Homestead riot or that he would not have condoned Frick’s actions is believable only to someone who doesn’t possess more information than what Carnegie presents in his autobiography.

Not all of what Carnegie presents is a shady tale.  Some of his lessons learned about life and business are really valuable, and these lessons are one of the principal reasons why I admire Carnegie.  Some of his social and religious views are interesting as well, although I must especially part ways with him when he declares himself a fervent disciple of Herbert Spencer.  This popular late-19th-century philosopher was most famous for applying Darwin’s theory of evolution to social, economic, and political settings.  Carnegie adamantly believed that everything would get only better and better as the stronger elements of society gained power and control while the weaker elements faded away.

I don’t think history has told that story.  Are our political institutions less corrupt today than they were 100 or even 200 years ago?  Is society more free today than it was in those days?  I would argue that we are much less free today than we were then given that the government controls and regulates much more of the activity of its citizens today than it did then.  Add to that the taxes we pay today (income tax didn’t really catch on in this country until the end of Carnegie’s life), and what we see is the devolution of society, not its evolution.

Throughout his text, Carnegie tries to make that evolution argument in the realm of religion, but again I would counter him.  Carnegie believes that man is progressing towards a more and more refined understanding of God.  I don’t believe that is true of society as a whole, especially given that more and more people today don’t even believe in God.  Among those who do, we have more churches today than we did 100 years ago.  You would think if our understanding of God were being refined we would come together more instead of splintering apart.

All that said, Carnegie’s autobiography is a very pleasant read, especially for someone like myself who has an abiding interest in the late 19th century and early 20th century, the true dawn of the modern technological revolution that drives our society today.  My only real gripe with it is that Carnegie never finished it.  He worked on it off and on in the years after Teddy Roosevelt was President, but then the text abruptly ends.

Again, it’s good to have information not provided in Carnegie’s text.  His text ends just as what we know today as World War I begins.  That war absolutely devastated Carnegie, so much so that he entered a very deep depression.  Had he lived just one more year longer, he would have seen the end of that war.  I’m sad to see the life of a man I admire end that way, but I’m glad that those who came after him did not try to finish his work.  Let it stand or fall on Andy and Andy alone.

Overall, I recommend the book to anyone interested in hearing more about Carnegie’s life from his own mouth.  I give it 4 out of 5 stars.  His abrupt, unfinished ending and the points of disagreement I’ve already outlined really drop it to 3 stars, but the life and business lessons are really quite valuable and so raise the rating up a star.  I did enjoy reading the book and look forward to reading a more exhaustive biography on his life in the near future.

Reading this book and thinking back on my own career experiences, I found myself nodding my head in agreement and saying “Yep!” over and over again.  I wish I had this book when I was starting out so that I didn’t have to learn those lessons in the School of Hard Knocks.  I might also have had a very different career as an engineer, since some of the hard knocks that taught me important lessons also closed the door of opportunity to me on occasion.  Now that I have a new career, I can learn from the past and then put it behind me.

Perhaps the best idea I gained from this book was the need to be more careful in who surrounds me.  We all tend to become our social orbit, because we are biologically hardwired to acclimate our sense of “normal” from the people immediately around us.  Mediocre performers often are surrounded by others who think that mediocre performance is good enough.  If you want to be more successful, then surround yourself with the people who have the type of success that you want.  Do what they do long enough, and the success they enjoy will be yours to enjoy as well.

Given my recent retreat, which I continue to hail as my best vacation ever, I found this book refreshing and energizing.  I give the book only 4 out of 5 stars, though, because the ending was . . . well, not really there.  There’s no epilogue or final chapter that brings everything together or provides a summary.  The book just ends.  Ironic indeed that an author writing such a great tome on self-discipline couldn’t muster a little more of that virtue to “finish the job.”

Be that as it may, I still recommend this book to anyone wanting to learn more about specific ways to become more successful in any area of life, be it professional or personal.  It’s definitely a quick read (well, at about 300 pages, quick for me) but packed with powerful information.  I’m glad to add this tome to my library and even happier to get it in hardcover for such a bargain price!